Approximate solution of linear Volterra-Fredholm integral equations via exponential spline function

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Rahel Jaza
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-9409
SHABAZ JALIL MOHAMMEDFAEQ
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4367-5727
Sudad Mussa
Hiwa Rahman
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0948-5617

Abstract

This paper presents a novel numerical scheme for solving linear Volterra-Fredholm integral equations (V-FIEs) of the second kind, utilizing exponential spline functions (ESFs) in combination with fractional derivatives. The method simplifies computational implementation by converting the original integral equation into a matrix system. To prove the precision and stability of the suggested approach, a thorough convergence analysis is carried out. Numerical experiments, backed by graphical representations, validate the method's high accuracy and computational efficiency, even with a limited number of subintervals. All simulations and visualizations are implemented using Python. The results indicate that the suggested ESF approach performs noticeably better than traditional methods.

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How to Cite
[1]
Jaza, R. et al. 2026. Approximate solution of linear Volterra-Fredholm integral equations via exponential spline function. Journal of Innovative Applied Mathematics and Computational Sciences. 5, 2 (Jan. 2026), 312–327. DOI:https://doi.org/10.58205/jiamcs.v5i2.1962.
Section
Research Articles

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